また 1842年にアヘン戦争に勝利したヴィクトリア女王( 1819 – 1901 、在位 1837 – 1901 )のイギリスも植民地拡大をすすめ大英帝国を構築し繁栄します。 こうして帝国主義を国是としたヨーロッパ列強( ドイツ、イギリス、フランス、イタリア、オーストリア、ロシア )が世界地図を分割していったことで『 諸戦争を終わらせる戦争( War to end wars )』と言われた1914年の第一次世界大戦( 1914 – 1918 )が発生することになりました。
正しさを競うと戦争が起きますが、美しさを競うと感動が生まれ、人が幸せになります。奇異な表現かもしれませんが・・ 私は、古の弦楽器制作者が究極に求めたものは “The violin is a singing instrument, not a stringed instrument.” ということではないかと思っています。
そして彼らの思想の根底をながれていたのは、「美」や「調和」「利他の心」であったと信じています。
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しかし、残念ながら それは1800年代の半ばを境とするかのようにして薄れていったようです。
STRADIVARI’S FABLED “MESSIAH” THREE CENTURIES ON: THE MOST CONTROVERSIAL VIOLIN IN HISTORY?
It was donated to the Ashmolean Museum in 1940 by the firm of W.E. Hill & Sons to become a benchmark for future makers.
The world’s most valuable violin? The Messiah Stradivarius
0:57 ” 1716 ‥ It is the only as new Stradivarius ‥” Violin 1854年頃
Antonio Stradivari made his violins by utilising a thick ca.14 mm wooden mould or ‘form’, to which the four C-bout corner blocks, together with the top and bottom blocks, were lightly glued, and around which the thin lengths of rib were shaped and then strongly glued to the blocks. Simplistically, once all the glue had dried, the ‘garland’ of blocks and ribs could be carefully detached from the inner mould, and the front and back plates could then be attached to the garland to create the soundbox. Although Stradivari’s moulds, made of walnut wood, have varying lengths, widths and proportions, these variations are often by no more than a few millimetres and sometimes the difference between a particular measurement on one mould and the same measurement on another is just one millimetre; for example, the three bout-width measurements of the P mould, and those of the PG mould, are identical, while the body lengths differ by just one millimetre: P mould 343.5 mm; PG mould 344.5 mm (Stewart Pollens’s measurements).
Almost all the moulds bear identifying letters, inked or incised in block capitals: for example, the letters P, S, and T, G, PG, and MB. Because there are so few extant documents known to be written in Stradivari’s hand, it is not certain which, if any, of these mould letters were drawn by him. Some of the moulds have dates, also inked or incised into the surface of the wood: the mould marked SL is dated November 9, 1691 (incised), and one of the two moulds marked S is dated September 20, 1703. The two B moulds are dated June 3, 1692 and December 6, 1692 (both incised), while the PG mould is dated June 4, 1689 (also incised).
弦楽器の音響メカニズムは難解ですが、これらを少し読み解くとすれば‥ まず、上図の点 P が “オールド・ヴァイオリン “の裏板にみられる『 セントラル・ピン 』とほぼ一致するという状況証拠から、点 P を 裏板におけるつりあいの中心点として印されていると考えることができます。
Jacob Stainer ( ca.1617-1683 ) Violin, Absam ( Tirol )
Underneath the parchment covering the center joint of the back of the violin by Jacob Stainer, five marking points are hidden.Their distance from the lower end of the body can be measured precisely.
Nicolò Paganini( 1782-1840 ) died in Nice on May 27, 1840 : in the will drawn up in 1837 he had ordered that the instrument be left to his hometown, Genoa, “So that it may be preserved in perpetuity”. The events surrounding the legacy were, however, complex and concluded only on July 14, 1851, with the delivery of the instrument by Baron Achille Paganini( 1825-1895 ), son of the maestro, to the then mayor of Genoa.
J.T. Carrodus( 1836–1895 ) was an English violinist. He had the advantage of studying between the ages of twelve and eighteen at London and Stuttgart, with Wilhelm Bernhard Molique( 1802-1869 ). On 1853, Sir Michael Costa got him engagements in the leading orchestras. He was a member of the Covent Garden opera orchestra from 1855. He made his debut as a solo player at a concert given on 22 April 1863 by the Musical Society of London.
キャロダスは、ルイ・シュポーア( Louis Spohr 1784-1859 )に学び シュトゥットガルトと ロンドンで活動したベルンハルト・モーリック( 1802-1869 )の生徒でした。
John Tiplady Carrodus ( 1836-1895 ) 1857年頃~1895年 W.E. Hill & Sons 1895年 Major C. E. S. Phillips 1895年~1909年 W.E. Hill & Sons 1909年 Dr. Felix Landau (Berlin) 1909年~1931年 Margaret Abraham 1949年 Ossy Renardy 1955年 Henry Hottinger (New York) 1965年 Rembert Wurlitzer Inc. 1965年 Dr. Ephraim P. Engleman (San Mateo, California) 1976年 David L. Fulton 2003年~2007年 Anonymous 2007年
“Iron mordanting”
Iron mordant is a method of dyeing wood black by reacting iron with tannins.
When the iron in the iron mordant solution penetrates the wood, it reacts with the tannins in the wood, gradually changing the color to a dark gray.
When using iron mordant, care must be taken to maintain high “fastness.”
So when dyeing, it is important to use a dark color.
The iron mordant process began yesterday.
Test coating with 5% aqueous iron mordant solution.
After a year and a half, it has become transparent.
After a few years, it was iron mordanted so that it would look like this cello.
Traces of iron mordant create a transparent navy blue image. GIOVANNI GRANCINO ( 1637-1709 ) Cello, Milan 1690年頃